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　　Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

　　When someone commits act, we always hope the punishment will match the offense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes-animals fighting-things___26___ work out that way. Dog-fighting victims are___27___ and liked for profit and “sport,” yet their criminal abusers often receive a ___28___ sentence for causing a lifetime of pain. Roughly half of all federally-convicted animal fighters only get probation（缓刑）。

　　Some progress has been made in the prosecution（起诉） of animal fighters. But federal judges often rely heavily on the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines when they ___29___ penalties, and in the case of animal fighting, those guideline are outdated and extremely___30___.

　　The U.S. Sentencing Commission, which ___31___ these sentencing guidelines, is revisiting them, proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months. This is a step in the right___32___, but we’d like to see the U.S. Sentencing Commission make further changes to the guidelines.

　　Along with this effort, we’re working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to __33___ anti-cruelty laws across the country, as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal___34___that care for animal fighting victims. This help is ___35___ important because the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major factor that prevents people from getting involved in cruelty cases in the first place.

　　A. convenient

　　B. creates

　　C. critically

　　D. determine

　　E. direction

　　F. hesitate

　　G. inadequate

　　H. inspired

　　I. method

　　J. minimal

　　K. rarely

　　L. shelters

　　M. strengthen

　　N. sufferings

　　O. Tortured

　　答案：

　　26. K   27. O   28. J   29. D  30. G  31. B  32. E  33. M  34. L  35. C

　　真经派答案解析：

　　题目：26

　　思路：根据前后文单词，things （26）work out that way，空格前面是名词things，后面为动词短语work out,且句子结构完整，因此空格需要副词，修饰动词短语。而根据前后文表达的意思，原文第一句话说人们希望惩罚与罪行相当，但but引导的转折关系提醒了我们，当话题转移到动物虐待的时候，惩罚应该是与罪行不相当的。回到选项找单词，C选项，critically，严重地，极为重要地；K选项，rarely，很少地，罕有地；根据转折关系我们可以判断，在animal fighting上事情不是这样进行的，很少是这样进行的，答案确定，K选项。

　　题目：27

　　思路：根据前后文单词Dog-fighting victims are （27） and killed for profit and sport，根据空格前面的be动词are和后面的and killed并列关系可以确定27题的词性为动词，而且与killed构成并列，27题的答案应该也是动词的ed形式构成被动语态，被（27）和被杀害。回到选项找到能与杀害并列的单词。H选项，inspired，鼓励，激励；O选项，tortured,折磨，拷打，虐打，根据答案单词意思可以判断O选项，被虐待和被杀害构成并列，是正确答案。

　　题目：28

　　思路：根据空格前后文单词yet their criminal abusers often receive a （28） sentence for causing a lifetime of pain.根据空格前面的单词动词receive和冠词a和后面的名词sentence可以判断28题的词性为形容词，接受到了一个什么样的宣判，判决。回到选项找形容词，A选项，convenient，便利的，方便的；G选项，inadequate，不充足的，不足够的；J选项，minimal，最小的；根据选项意思，答案G选项不充足的，不足够的和J选项，最小的宣判都可以，可是根据冠词A可以判断，元音字母开头的单词inadequate不可能是答案，28题答案确定是J，得到的宣判是很小的。这样也符合原文表达的意思说虐待动物的人没有得到相应的惩罚。

　　题目：29

　　思路：根据空格前后单词，But federal judges often rely heavily on the U/S/ Sentencing Guidelines when they （29） penalties。空格前后是主语they, 而空格之后是名词penalties,可以判断空格需要的答案是一个动词，penalties名词，处罚，惩罚。根据原文意思应该是给予惩罚，回到选项找动词。B选项，creates，创造；D选项，determine，确定，下定决心；F选项，hesitate，犹豫；H选项，inspired，鼓励，激励；L选项，shelters，保护，庇护；M选项，strengthen，加强，加深。根据原文意思，给予惩罚，确定惩罚，D选项，determine penalties成为正确答案。

　　题目：30

　　思路：根据空格前后文单词，and in the case of animal fighting, those guidelines are outdated and extremely （30），根据并列关系可以推测extremely（30）与outdated构成了并列，30题缺乏的答案为形容词，并且要和过时搭配，回到选项找符合原文意思的答案。A选项，convenient，方便的，便利的；G选项，inadequate，不充足的，不足够的，答案直接确定，G选项。这些管理规定是过时的也是非常不够的。

　　题目：31

　　思路：根据空格前后文单词The U.S. Sentencing Commission, which （31） these sentencing guidelines, is revisiting them, proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months. 空格之前的单词which指代的是原文的主语The U.S Sentencing Commission, 而空格之后的单词these sentencing guidelines可以判断31题缺乏的是动词，这个美国判决委员会怎么样了这些判决的规定，回到选项中直接找动词。B选项，creates，创造直接成为答案，是这个委员会创造了这些规章制度，现在正在revisiting them，重新修改，重新考虑这些规章制度，答案确定。

　　题目：32

　　思路：根据空格前后文单词This is a step in the right （32），根据空格前后的单词in the right在正确的（32），可以判断7题的答案单词是名词，这是一个在正确的（32）上的步骤，回到选项找名词。E选项，direction 名词，方向；J选项，method，方法；N选项，sufferings，苦难，苦楚。根据前文美国判决委员会要重新修改这些管理制度，从6月和21月分别上升到了12月和27月，加大了惩罚和处罚。因此，我们可以确定这是一个在正确的方向的常识，答案E选项，确定。

　　题目：33

　　思路：根据空格前后文的单词，Along with this effort, we’re working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to （33） anti-cruelly laws across the country，空格前面的单词是介词to而空格之后的单词是anti-cruelly laws名词短语，反对残酷地法律。回到选项中找动词，找可以搭配法律的选项。F选项，hesitate，动词，犹豫；H选项，inspired，激励，鼓励；L选项，提供遮蔽；M选项，strengthen，加强。因为空格前出现的介词是to可以判断这道题需要的是动词原形，而又因为答案之后搭配的是法律我们可以确定答案是M选项，加强反对残忍行为地法律，答案确定，M。

　　题目：34

　　思路：根据空格前后文单词，as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal （34） that care for animal fighting victims.空格前面的单词是名词，animal，而空格之后是从句，that care for animal fighting victims，那些关注关心动物斗争受害者的（34）。原文的意思是也包括建立法律和政策去帮助那些负担过重的，关心动物争斗/动物角斗受害者的（34）。根据前后文意思判断34题需要的答案是名词，而且是照顾受害者的地方。回到选项找答案。I选项，method，方法；L选项，shelters，避难所，庇护所；N选项，sufferings，苦楚。能够照顾受害者的是L选项，避难所，保护所，答案确定。

　　题目：35

　　思路：根据空格前后文单词This help is （35） important，空格在形容词important前面，答案词性是副词，回到选项，C选项，critically，非常地；极为重要地，直接成为正确答案。

　　Section B

　　Directions: In this section, you are gonging to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2.

　　When Work Becomes a Game

　　A] What motivates employees to do their jobs well? Competition with coworders, for some. The promise of rewards, for others. Pure enjoyment of problem-solving, for a lucky few.

　　B] Increasingly, companies are tapping into these desires direstly through what has come to be known as “gamification”： essentially, turning work into game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games, and taking those learnings and applying them to other contexts such as the workplace and education,” explains Kevin Werbach, a gamification expert who teaches at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.

　　C] It might mean monitoring employee productivity on a digital leaderboard and offering prizes to the winners, or giving employees digital badges or stars for completing certain activities. It could also mean training employees how to do their jobs through video game platforms. Companies from Google to L’Oréal to Ibm to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them. A recent report suggests that the global gamification market will grow from $1.65 billion in 2015 to $11.1 billion by 2020.

　　D] The concept of gamification is not entirely new, Werbach says. Companies, marketers and teachers have long looked for fun ways to engage people’s reward-seeking or competitive spirits. Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years, he adds, and the turn-of-the-century steel magnate （巨头） Charles Schwab is said to have often come into his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the past shift on the factory floor, thus motivating the next shift of workers to beat the previous one.

　　E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in carnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified. “We are at a point where in much of the developed world the vast majority of young people grew up playing video games, and an increasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too.” Werbach says.

　　F] A number of companies have sprung up—GamEffective, bunchball and Badgeville, to name a few—in recent years offering gamification platforms for businesses. The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative. “What makes a game game-like is that the player actually cares about the outcome,” Werbach says. “The principle is about understanding what is motivating to this group of players, which requires some understanding of psychology.”

　　G] Some people, Werbach says, are motivated by competition. Sales people often fall into this category. For them, the right kind of gamification might be turning their sales pitches into a competition with other team members, complete with a digital leaderboard showing who is winning at all times. Others are more motivated by collaboration and social experiences. One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale （士气）。 When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.

　　H] Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not. She recently designed a gamification strategy for a sales training company with a storm-chasing theme. Employees formed “storm chaser teams” and competed in storm-themed educational exercise to earn various rewards. “Rewards do not have to be stuff,” Cornetti says. “Rewards can be flexible working hours.” Another training, this one for pay roll law, used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs theme. “Snow White” is available for everyone to use, but the “dwarfs” are still under copyright, so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters （Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan） to illustrate specific pay roll law principles.

　　I] Some people do not take naturally to gamified work environments, Cornetti says. In her experience, people in positions of power or people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all,” Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’ （模拟）， I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’”

　　J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term. It can also be exploitative, especially when used with vulnerable populations. For workers, especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobs yet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbach gives the example of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, California, which used large digital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were working compared to one another. Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began to stop taking bathroom breaks, worried that if their productivity fell they would be fired. Pregnant employees struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the board as a “digital whip.” “It actually had a very negative effect on morale and performance.” Werbach says.

　　K] Still, gamification only stands to become more popular, he says, “as more and more people come into the workforce who are familiar with the structures and expressions of digital games.” “We are far from reaching the peak.” Cornetti agrees. “There is no reason this will go away.”

　　36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same.

　　37. Gamification is not a moracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.

　　38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.

　　39. The idea of gamification was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.

　　40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.

　　41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.

　　42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.

　　43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.

　　44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.

　　45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.

　　答案：

　　36.C  37. J  38. G  39. D  40. K  41. E  42.B  43. H  44. F   45.D

　　真经派解题思路解析：

　　题号：36

　　定位：根据题目，some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same确定定位词，一些有名的公司（some famous companies）和已经使用（already using gamification）确定定位。

　　思路：回到C段最后，直接看到了Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces可以直接确定答案，谷歌，欧莱雅和IBM直接通过举例子替换了famous companies，而gamification是原词出现的，原文中的are known to use some degree已经使用了 gamification，答案确定。

　　题目：37

　　定位：根据题目，Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results确定定位词，not a miracle cure不是一个奇迹的治愈方式（not a miracle cure）和negative results（消极的影响）确定定位。

　　思路：J段原文开头就给了答案Gamification is not a magic bullet, 不是一个魔法子弹，原文的not a magic直接替换了题目中的not a miracle cure，我们直接找负面的影响就可以了。J段最后更是直接给出了It actually had a very negative effect，原词negative出现，results直接替换了effect，答案确定。

　　题目：38

　　定位：根据题目To enhance morals, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers whom starting their computers.判断定位词是enhance morals,提高道德，asks its employees to identify their fellow，要求雇员去识别/鉴别他们的同事，starting their computers,开始用他们的电脑，确定定位。

　　思路：回到G段，G段最后出现了明显的答案提示词。原文When employees log into their computers, log in to登入他们的电脑，替换了原文中的starting，开始使用电脑，they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers,单词coworkers直接替换了fellow表示同事而题目中的asked to guess that person’s name，猜这个人的名字就是题目中的identify，答案确定，G。

　　题目：39

　　定位：根据题目The idea of gamification was practiced by some business more than a century ago，最明显的定位词是more than a century ago,在一个世纪之前。回到原文直接找出题位置。

　　思路：回到D段，在D段开头给出The concept of gamification is not entirely new，这个gamification不是新概念，而D段给的更明显的是Cracker Jacks has been ‘gamifying’ its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years,单词more than 100 years直接替换了题目中的more than a century ago，答案确定。

　　题目：40

　　定位：根据题目There is a reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay，可以确定最明显的定位词是原因，而这个原因和什么有关呢？和gamification会保持并且得到发展有关。

　　思路：直接回到K段，在K段开头就给出了gamification only stands to become more popular, gamification会越来越流行，而K段自后一句话There is no reason this will go away更是否定替换了题目。原文表达的意思是这里没有任何一个原因可以解释为什么gamification会离开就是题目中的gamification留在这里是原因的，答案确定。

　　题目：41

　　定位：根据题目Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification，确定定位词是video games，wide applicant，最好找的是视频游戏。

　　思路：回到E段，在E段开头就给出了application，是题目中的原词，找video games就可以了。而在E段第二行更是直接给出了Thanks in part to video games, 归功于视频游戏，就是原文中的video games contributed，视频游戏做了贡献，答案确定。

　　题目：42

　　定位：根据题目When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what make games interesting可以确定定位，turning work into a game,吧工作转变成一个游戏understand what make games interesting，理解什么让游戏变得有趣是非常重要直接成为定位。

　　思路：在B段第二行直接出现了turning work into a game,原词出现。我们接着找理解什么让游戏变得有趣是很重要的就可以了。在原文中understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games直接确定了答案，understand是原词，而what it is that makes games engaging什么让游戏变得迷人，engaging直接替换了单词interesting，答案确定。

　　题目：43

　　定位：根据题目Gamification in employee training does not always need technology确定定位词是does not always need technology不是经常需要科技直接定位。

　　思路：回到H段原文，gamification does not have to be digital，不是一定要是数字的，电子的。单词digital形容词，数字的，数码的，直接替换了题目中的technology，不需要科技。而原文H段第二句话更是直接给出了gamifies employee training单词employee training出现原词，答案确定。

　　题目：44

　　定位：根据题目The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignment into fun experiences确定定位词，首先要找到最成功的gamification platforms,然后要找到将daily work assignment转变成了fun experiences.

　　思路：回到F段，开头就找到了offering gamification platforms for business 单词 gamification platform出现了原词，而原文中的The platform that are most effective更是直接替换了the most successful,题目剩下的部分在F段的表达是Turn employee’s ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.原文的工作人员的寻常的工作在题目中被替换成了daily work assignment每日的工作任务而fun experiences有趣的经验则被原文中的rich adventure narrative，丰富的冒险替换。

　　题目：45

　　定位：根据题目It is necessary to use terms other than gamification for some professions确定定位词，首先要找到use terms other than gamification，用除gamification以外的别的术语和for some professions对于一些专业人士来确定定位。

　　思路：回到原文，在I段找到了明显的答案提示单词。In her experience, people in positions of power or people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word, 这些身在高位的人，或者是在财务工作，工程工作上的人不太喜欢这个表达，而更明显的表达是If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a game at all, 我根本不会用game这个单词，I’m talking about a simulation，我更会用simulation这个单词，更是完美的解释了terms other than，答案确定。

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices maked A）， B）， C） and D）。 You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

　　Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere.

　　It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to “solve” problems—real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired—not to teach but to hold meetings—has increased significantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title, the center is a clearing house （信息交流中心） for using technology in classrooms and in online courses. It’s an administrative sham （欺诈） of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.

　　I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems—class attendance, educational success, student happiness and well-being—might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic （官僚的） mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20 or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew each other.

　　The teachers must be free to teach in their own way—the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should be allowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at and consumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are not exclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent and practice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that people do not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell the difference between their best and worst teachers.

　　46. What does the author say about present-day universities?

　　A. They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.

　　B. They often fail to combine teaching with research.

　　C. They are over-burdened with administrative staff.

　　D. They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.

　　47. According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most?

　　A. Good classroom teachers.

　　B. Efficient administrators.

　　C. Talented researchers.

　　D. Motivated students.

　　48. What does the author imply about the classes at present?

　　A. They facilitate students’ independent learning.

　　B. They help students form closer relationships.

　　C. They have more older students than before.

　　D. They are much bigger than is desirable.

　　49. What does the author think of teaching ability?

　　A. It requires talent and practice.

　　B. It is closely related to practice.

　　C. It is a chief factor affecting students’ learning.

　　D. It can be acquired through persistent practice.

　　50. What is the author’s suggestion for improving university teaching?

　　A. Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.

　　B. Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.

　　C. Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.

　　D. Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms.

　　答案：

　　46. C  47.A  48. D   49. A   50. B

　　真经派解题思路解析：

　　题目：46

　　定位：根据题干，What does the author say about present-day universities可以确定题目的定位词是坐着对于现在的大学的观点

　　思路：回到原文，原文第一个单词就给出了present的替换词，recently, 找作者对于大学的观点就可以了，可是第一段说的是作者参加了很多回忆并没有给出坐着的观点。第二段中表达作者的观点的句子是And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired-not to teach but to hold meetings-has increased significantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer，作者认为现在的大学里开会的人太多了而不是教育的人太多了，而这些administrative fixer的数量太多了。这句话就直接表达了作者对于大学的观点。回到选项，找答案。C选项的，They are over-burdened with administrative staff给的非常漂亮，administrative staff强调的是执行管理的人员，而over-burdened强调的是负担过重的，作者认为学校的管理人员太多了，在原文中表达的是hold meetings的人的数量太多了。答案确定。

　　题目：47

　　定位：根据题干，According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most确定题目需要的是作者认为大学最缺乏的人。

　　思路：回到原文第三段作者给出了观点Many of our problems might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic mechanism and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers.作者认为我们应该减少官僚人员的数量而是增加老师的数量，所以作者认为最缺乏的其实是老师。回到选项，找答案。A选项，good classroom teachers，好的老师，直接确定答案。

　　题目：48

　　定位：根据题干What does the author imply about the classes at present可以确定这道题的定位词是作者对于现在的课堂的暗示是什么

　　思路：回到原文第三段，47题之后原文的表达是If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20 or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew each other. 原文中作者提出一个观点就是要用上课的老师去取代administrative staff，而这个带来的结果是每一个老师就可以只带20个或者是更少的学生了，这样的环境会让我们的老师和学生之间有一个更好的互相了解。原文中的an environment一个环境强调的就是我们的classes，班级。在原文中作者表达的意思是如果administrative staff的数量减少，teachers数量增加，老师和学生的关系就会更好，作者隐含的意思就是希望每一个老师所管理的学生数量减少。回到选项找正确答案。A选项，他们提高了学生独立学习的能力；B选项，他们帮助学生去形成一个更紧密的关系；C选项，班级里现在年纪比较大的学生比以前要多；D选项，现在的班级比理想状态要大。这道题是一个纯粹的理解归纳题，原文强调的是减少了administrative staff之后，老师数量增加，每一个老师就带20个左右的学生，这样师生关系更和谐。那现在的老师带的学生就比20要多了，这个师生关系也没有我们想要的那么和谐，所以作者在原文中给出的暗示是认为班级太大，人数太多。

　　题目：49

　　定位：根据题干，what does the author think of teaching ability，确定要找到的定位是作者关于教学能力的想法。回到原文进行定位。

　　思路：在原文第四段中间部分我们直接找到了Teaching is an art and a craft, talent and practice, it is not something that just anyone can be good at. 原文里作者表达了他对教学能力的看法，他认为这是一个艺术也是一个工艺，是天分也是练习，并不是每一个人都能够很好地来教育。回到选项，找表达这个意思的正确答案。A选项，需要天分和练习直接成为正确答案，同义替换词给的非常简单。

　　题目：50

　　定位：根据题干，what is the author’s suggestion for improving university teaching确定定位词，我们要回到文章中找到作者对于提高大学教育的建议。

　　思路：这个题目其实是一个对文章主题思想的考察，作者在文章开头就给出了建议，他认为应该减少administrative staff的数量，增加classroom teachers的数量在文章的最后一段作者更提出意见说The teachers must be free to teach in their own way,我们应该允许老师以他们觉得合适的方式来进行教学。A选项，给老师创造一个可以分享他们教学经验的环境；B选项，雇佣更多的老师而且允许他们以他们自己的方式来教学，B选项的teach in their own way直接出现了原文的替换词，答案确定。

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

　　The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald’s. According to a new study from Cornell University’s food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards—like the toys in McDonald’s Happy Meals—stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.

　　The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.

　　They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a half-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.

　　Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket （彩票）， with a $10, $50 or $100 payout, and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.

　　“The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting,” says Reimann.

　　He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included.

　　“One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking than certainty awards,” says Reimann. “The uncertainty of winning provides added attraction and desirability through emotional ‘thrills’。 The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope—a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding.” In other words, there’s a reason why people like to gamble.

　　How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?

　　One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa （温泉疗养） weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant—and make you eat a little less.

　　51. What do we learn about McDonald’s inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?

　　A. It may shed light on people’s desire to crack a secret.

　　B. It has proved to be key to McDonald’s business success.

　　C. It appeals to kid’s curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.

　　D. It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.

　　52. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?

　　A. Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald’s more.

　　B. Most kids and adults don’t actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.

　　C. Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.

　　D. Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.

　　53. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann’s finding?

　　A. Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.

　　B. Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.

　　C. Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.

　　D. Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.

　　54. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding?

　　A. The emotional component of the prizes is at work.

　　B. People now care more about quality than quantity.

　　C. People prefer certainty awards to possible awards.

　　D. The desire for a future reward is overwhelming.

　　55. What can we infer from Martin Reimann’s finding?

　　A. People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy.

　　B. More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald’s example.

　　C. We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business.

　　D. More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior.

　　答案：

　　51. D   52. D   53. B  54. A  55. C

　　真经派解题思路解析：

　　题目：51

　　定位：根据题干，What do we learn about McDonald’s inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals? 确定定位词首先要找到McDonald, 然后要找到toys和Happy Meals。

　　思路：回到原文，在第一段就找到了McDonald’s，在第一段最后直接出现了所有定位词。Small non-food rewards-like the toys in McDonald’s Happy Meals-stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does，麦当劳的小玩具有什么作用呢？文章开头第一句话就给出了明显的答案哟~The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago, 小玩具可以让我们吃的更少但是让我们更开心。回到选项找正确答案。D选项的，it may be a pleasant way for kinds to reduce their food intake,可以降低他们的食物的摄入直接替换了原文中的eating less，答案确定。

　　题目：52

　　定位：根据题目，what is the findings of the researchers led by Marin Riemann可以确定定位词是人名，我们要找到他所引导的研究的发现

　　思路：回到原文第二段我们直接看到了The researchers, led by Martin Riemann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item. They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a half-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.在原文中表达findings的单词是They found，他们发现~他们发现的结果是当提供一个小玩具的时候，大多数的成年人和小孩儿都会选择价格一样但是分量小了一般的有礼物的这个选项。我们回到四个选项里找正确答案。D选项，most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item成为正确答案。选项中的most kids and adults回到原文是用the majority of both kids and adults替换的，choose a smaller meal则是用Opted for a half-sized portion表示的，答案确定。

　　题目：53

　　定位：根据题干What is most interesting in Martin Riemann’s findings，确定定位词是要找到最有趣的发现，回到原文顺着第二题去找最有趣的发现。

　　思路：在第四段我们发现了题目定位的提示词，Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion.很有趣的是就算是一个未来的奖励的承诺都会让成年人选择更小的这个选项。回到选项我们直接去找答案就可以了。B选项，adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award .B选项和原文几乎是原词出现，只替换了award与原文中的reward，答案确定。

　　题目：54

　　定位：根据题目How does Martin Riemann interpret his findings，确定定位词是MR如何解释他的发现，顺着53题接着往后找。

　　思路：在第五段我们找到了Says Riemann,由Riemann说的话，在这一段MR表达的观点是：The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting.MR在这一段表达的观点是他认为参与者会因为一个不太值钱的奖励就选择愿意降低一部分食物这件事情让人觉得很有趣，可是MR并没有解释他的实验发现，因此我们还需要往后看找解释。在第六段He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective.原文中的theorizes这个单词给的非常漂亮，theorize 动词，建立理论，推理直接替换了题目中的interpret，MR认为是情绪上的成分让这个事情能够起作用，因此我们愿意选择放弃一部分的食物是因为有情绪上的回报。回到选项找正确答案，A选项的The emotional component of the prizes is at work直接确定了答案，单词emotional component是原词出现的，prizes也是原词出现的。

　　题目：55

　　定位：根据题目What can we infer from Martin Riemann’s finding可以确定定位词是我们要从MR的研究里得到什么样的推论，回到原文顺着54题接着找答案。

　　思路：回到原文的第七段，第七段讨论的问题依然是one explanation for this finding  is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking than certainty awards话题还是停留在了情绪上的作用，我们还是要往后走去找推论，在原文的倒数第二段How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily? 作者在这一段表达了说我们应该怎样使用这个认识，我们可以开始找推论了。One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant-and make you eat a little less.作者在这一段表达的观点是我们可以提供一些奖励让消费者来少吃一点，比如说我们可以提供一个spa weekend或者是一个half-sized dessert，而这样的做法还可以让消费者再一次回到这个餐馆里。回到选项，找答案。C选项，我们可以引导人们去吃比较少的东西同时还可以帮助这个餐馆的生意成为直接答案，led people to eat less就是让人们吃的少一点那帮助餐馆的生意则是That would get you back in the restaurant，答案确定了。

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